Reconstituted creped paper and method and apparatus for making same



Jan. 8, 1963 L. HORNBOSTEL RECONSTITUTED CREPED PAPER AND METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR MAKING SAME 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 I Filed Oct. 27, 1958 .Z-zVE'J-ZZZJF Lloyd flornbaa/e/ Jan. 8, 1963 L. HORNBOSTEL 3,072,522

RECONSTITUTED CREPED PAPER AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING SAMEFiled 001;. 27, 1958 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Z/ ayd H0rn4asfe/ zwz 5,

Jan. 8, 1963 L. HORNBOSTEL RECONSTITUTED CREPED PAPER AND METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR MAKING SAME 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Oct. 2'7, 1958 Jan. 8,1963 L. HORNBOSTEL RECONSTITUTED CREPED PAPER AND METHOD AND APPARATUSFOR MAKING SAME 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Oct. 27. 1958 United States.Patent 6,072,522 RECONSTITUTED CREPED PAPER AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FORMAKING SAME Lloyd Hornbostel, Beloit, Wis., assignor to Beloit IronWorks, Beloit, Wis., a corporation of Wisconsin Filed Oct. 27, 1958,Ser. No. 769,872 12 Claims. (Cl. 162-413) This invention relates to highburst strength yieldable fibrous web material and to the method ofmaking such material, as well as the apparatus for carrying out themethod. Specifically, this invention deals with reconstituted crepedpaper having relatively flat smooth opposed parallel faces free fromconventional crepe folds but having the yieldability of creped paper inboth longitudinal and transverse directions. The flat smooth faces ofthe paper provide good printing surfaces adapting the products of thisinvention for use in burst resisting printed packages such as paper bagsand the like.

Conventional papers have their constituent fibers extending lengthwiseof the sheet as formed on the papermaking machine due to the tendency ofthe fibers to become oriented in the direction of travel of the machineas they are deposited from the dilute aqueous stock onto the machineforming surface. Such conventional papers have a machine directionstretch which is only a small percentage of the cross machine directionstretch, although the machine direction tensile strength is usuallygreater than the cross machine direction tensile strength.

Since the burst resistance of any paper is limited by the yieldabilityof the sheet in all directions within the plane of the sheet and thetensile strength of the sheet, it follows that conventional papers havevery poor burst strength because they are substantially nonyieldable intheir machine direction length and relatively low in tensile strength intheir cross machine direction or transverse width. Conventional papershave, therefore, been creped ,to increase their yieldability in themachine direction or longitudinal length thereof, but, of course, crepedpapers .have uneven surfaces which will not readily accept printing andare only yieldable because of the unfolding of the creped portions.

' According to the present invention, there is now provided fibrillatedsheet material composed of longitudinally foreshortened fibers developedfrom reconstituting a creped sheet under pressure while the sheet isstill wet enough to refelt the fibers together in their foreshortened'creped condition while the peaks of the creped folds are flattened downto form a secondary crepe within the smooth flat confines of the opposedparallel surfaces of the sheet.. After the flattened pressure treatedwet sheet is further dewatered sufficiently to be self sustaining, it isfurther compressed while in a heated condition to bond together theforeshortened fibers with the natural resins and lignins in the paperpulp. Since the reconstituting ,of the fibrous sheet is effected Whilethe sheet still has a high enough water content to preclude thenecessity for rewetting the sheet, the method of making the fibrillatedmaterial of this invention is economical and capable of being carriedout at high speeds.

The preferred method of this invention includes the deposition of anewly formed wet fibrous mat on a first press felt which carries the matthrough the pressure nip of a press assembly including a heated metalcreping roll receiving the mat directly thereon and equipped with acreping doctor that deposits a creped mat of high water content onto asecond press felt which is driven at a slower speed than the first feltand conveys the creped mat through the pressure nip of a suction press.After passage through this suction nip, the fibers in the mat arereoriented and themat is sufliciently reformed into a flattened sheetthat it can be passed through a dryer section where ice it is furtherdehydrated. Before the sheet is completely dehydrated, however, it ispassed through the nip of breaker rolls to bond together the reorientedfibers in the sheet with the heated natural glues and resins that remainin the sheet. The sheet is then passed through another dryer section andis dried into the finished product.

As used in this specification the term yieldable means give or stretchof the sheet rather than limpness or conformability. Thus some sheets ofthis invention may be stifi or rigid as compared with conventionalcreped paper but will still possess a high degree of yieldability toabsorb impacts.

It is then a feature of this invention to crepe a fibrous web which isstill wet enough so that its fibers can be reoriented without losingtheir longitudinal foreshortened length from the creped mat conditionwhile being confined between flat smooth opposed parallel surfaces toreconstitute the web and form a yieldable fiat sheet of high burststrength.

Another feature of the invention is to bond together the foreshortenedfibers of a flattened creped sheet with the natural binders in thesheet.

It is then an object of this invention to provide a yieldablefibrillated material having foreshortened creped fibers confined betweenrelatively fiat opposed surfaces.

- Another object of this invention is to provide fibrous webmaterialhaving refelted together buckled and bent stituted creped paper withcompressed and buckled creped fibers confined between fiat smoothopposite faces of the paper and bonded together at elevated temperatureswith thermoplastic binders.

Another object of this invention is to provide a high speed economicalmethod of making yieldable paper with smooth flat printable surfaces.

Another object'of this invention is to provide a method ofreconstituting creped paper to maintain the yieldability and burststrength thereof while forming smooth printable surfaces thereon.

A still further object of this invention is to provide an economicalhigh speed method of making high burst strength papers by reorientingcreped fibers in a pressure nip and by bonding together the reorientedfibers at elevated temperature with binders such as naturally occur inthe paper pulp or which may be added to the paper pulp.

A specific object of this invention is to provide apparatus forproducing yieldable paper at relatively high speeds which includes apaper-making machine forming section, a first press section equippedwith a creping attachment, a second press section operated at slowerspeeds than the first section, and a dryer section with a breaker stackintermediate the ends thereof.

A still further object of this invention is to provide a paper-makingmachine which crepes newly formed wet fibrous mat material in a firstpress and then reconstitutes the creped sheet to confine buckled andcreped fibers between smooth opposed parallel surfaces affording goodprinting faces.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method of making highburst strength yieldable paper which includes the creping of a fibrousmat while it is only 20 to 30 percent dry, followed by an immediatereconstituting of the creped mat in a pressure hip to produce a smoothfaced web which is only about 25 to 40 percent dry, followed by aheating of the reconstituted web to about 40 to 60 percent dryness andpressure treating the heated web to bond together the fibers thereinwith thermoplastic resins and binders.

Another object of this invention is to provide an extensible paperhaving a degree of stretch in the machine direction of the samemagnitude as the degree of stretch in the cross machine direction,together with substantially equal tensile strengths in both the machineand cross machine directions.

Other and further objects of this invention will become apparent tothose skilled in this art from the following detailed descriptions ofthe annexed sheets of drawings which,by way of preferred examples only,illustrate apparatus, the preferred method, and the preferred productsof this invention.

On the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic elevational view of a papermaking machineaccording to this invention for. carrying out the method of thisinvention to produce the product of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a fragmentary diagrammatic view of a modified portion of themachine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a further modified portion of themachine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a fragmentary isometric view illustrating the creping'detailof the machine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical cross-sec- .tional view ofthe second press of this invention illustrating the manner in which thecreped mat is reformed;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary view illustrating the bonding togetherof the fibers in the reformed flattened creped sheet with heatedthermoplastic resins in the sheet according to this invention;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing theforeshortened fibers in the wet mat as it approaches the creping doctorblade of the machine;

FIG. 8 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the foreshortenedfibers in the section of the sheet of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged diagrammatic vertical crosssectional viewillustrating the fiber arrangement in the wet mat as it passes over thecreping doctor blade;

FIG. 10 is an enlarged diagrammatic longitudinal crosssectional view ofthe reconstituted flattened creped sheet emerging from the secondpressure nip of the machine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 10 but illustrating the finished sheetas delivered to the reel of the machine of FIG. 1 after the fibers havebeen bonded together with the thermoplastic resins in the sheet; and

FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 8 but illustrating the fiberarrangement of the finished sheet.

As shown on the drawings:

The machine 10 of FIG. 1 includes a Fourdrinier forming section 11, afirst creping press section 12, a second press section 13 forreconstituting the creped mat, a first dryer section 14 for receivingthe reconstituted mat from the second press section, a breaker stacksection 15, a second dryer section 16, and a reel 17.

The forming section 11 includes a stock inlet 18 for delivering diluteaqueous paper stock to the toprun of a looped Fourdrinier forming wire19 trained around a breast roll 20 and a suction couch roll 21. Drainageof water from the stock through the forming wire along its upper runbetween the breast and couch rolls and drainage of additional water intothe suction gland 21a of the couch roll 21 results in the formation of awet soggy mat M of intermingled fibers with the majority of the fibersextending lengthwise of the mat in the direction of travel of themachine. The mat is removed from the couch roll end of the upper run ofthe forming wire under a stripping roll 22 and only has a very shortunsupported draw enroute to the top run of a bottom press felt 23 of thefirst press section 12. This felt 23 is trained around an oncomingdirecting roll 24 which is positioned closely adjacent the strippingroll 22 and adjacent the couch roll end of the forming section 11 andthence through the pressure nip N of the first press which is composedof a bottom suction press roll 25 and a heated chilled iron top crepingroll 26. A suction gland 25a in the suction roll 25 removes water fromthe oncoming side of the nip N to further dewater the wet soggy mat M.After passing through the nip N, the felt 23 is sloped downwardly to adirecting roll 27 away from the mat. The felt then travels around bottomguide rolls 28 and 29 and over a stretcher roll 30.

The mat M adheres to the heated creping roll 26 which is preferablymaintained at temperatures between F. and 250 F. and is stuck firmly tothe smooth plain metal surface of the creping roll to move therewitharound an ascending quadrant to a creping doctor 31. The doctoring blade31 is directed toward the creping roll 26 at an angle to provide adoctoring angle of approximately 90 with respect to the roll face and ata position where the mat M travels on the roll about one-quarter of aroll turn.

The mat M entering the nip N is very wet being in the order of 15 to 25percent bone dry. At the creping doctor 31 this mat is still very wetand is only about 25 to 30 percent bone dry.

The creped mat CM. is scraped from the roll 26 at the doctor 31 anddrops onto the top run of a press felt 32 of the second press section13. This felt 32 advances at a slower rate of speed than the felt 23 toaccommodate foreshortening of the mat M into the creped mat C.M. Thereduction in speed of the felt 32 depends upon the amount of crepe putinto the mat and generally is of the order of 90 percent of the speed ofthe felt 23. The felt 32 is trained around an oncoming directing roll 33which posit-ions the felt to have a receiving end of its top run underthe creping doctor 31 and closelyadjacent the doctor so that the crepedm'at C.M. will drop onto the top run of the felt 32 without beingstretched and without tearing. The creped mat GM. has such a high watercontent that it is very fragile and its fibers can be easily disrupted.The top run of the press felt 32 carries the creped mat C.M. through thenip N of a second press assembly including a bottom suction press roll34 with a suction gland 34a keeping the oncoming side of the nipdewatered and a top rubber covered roll 35. After passage through thenip N the felt 32 has its top run continued beyond the nip, and the feltis then trained around a roll 36 and thence downwardly around the bottomhalves of rolls 37, and over a stretcher roll 37a between the rolls 37.After passage around the last bottom roll 37, the felt is guided over aroll 38 and behind a roll 39 which keeps the ascending run of the feltenroute to the directing roll 33 spaced from the descending run of thefelt 23 and permits the roll 33 to be positioned under the roll 26.

The creped mat CM. is reconstituted in the nip N, and a flattenedreconstituted mat R.M. emerges from the nip N on the rubber covered roll35 to drop therefrom on the ascending side of the roll onto the top runof the felt 33 downstream from the nip and thence into the first dryersection 14 around the dryer cylinders 40 thereof. The reconstructed matR.M. has a moisture content of the order of 30 to 40 percent bone dry.This reconstructed mat is now sufiiciently self-sustaining to pass alongan open draw into the first dryer section 14, and the dryer section hasenough drying capacity to supply a mat of about 50 to 60 percent bonedryness to the breaker stack 15. This breaker stack is composed of apair of rubber covered press rolls 41 providing a nip N" therebteweenhaving suflicient pressure to cement together the reoricnted fibers withthermoplastic binders occuring in the sheet at the elevated temperaturesof the sheet imparted thereto by the drying cylinders 40. At this point,the sheet is generally heated to about F. to 215 F. A Web W is formedfrom the reconstructed mat R.M., and this web is passed around theseveral drying cylinders 42 of the dryer section 16 to be furtherdehydrated to the conventional 6 to 15 percent dryness of commercialpapers. The web W is then wound into a roll R on the reel 17.

build up as the mat in zone paper.

In the modified machine arrangement a of FIG. 2, the forming wire-19 ofthe forming section 11a after being trained over the suction area 21a ofthe suction couch roll 21 is directed downwardly and forwardly to aturning roll 43, thereby providing a downwardly inclined run 19aconveying the mat M to the first creping press section 12a including thesame constituent parts as the press section '12, which parts have beenidentified with the same reference numerals. The oncoming directing rollof the press felt 23, however, is preferably a suction transfer roll 44and to initiate the transfer from the run we to the top run of the felt23, an air jet or water mistspray jet device 45 is positioned in theloop of the wire 19 adjacent the turn roll 43 so that the mat M iseasily transferred from the run 19a to the felt 23 without disruptingfibers. After the mat M is deposited on the felt 23, it is treated inthe same manner as described in connection withFIG. 1.

In FIG. 3, a modified machine 10b has the forming section 11b thereofequipped with the same Fourdrinier forming wire run as the machine 10a,and identical parts have been marked with the same reference numerals.In the machine 18!), however, the first creping press section 12b isequipped with a top press felt 46 which is trained around a suctiontransfer roll 47 that picks up the mat'M from the run19a of the formingwire to con- :vey the 'mat onits bottom run to the first pressure nipNdefined by a top suctionpress roll 48 and a bottom heated creping roll49 which is also composed of cast iron. The mat M passes-through the nipN andis stuck to the surface "of the heatedcreping roll 49 whereittravels on the :de'scending side of the roll to the creping doctor 31.The creped'mat C.M. is then dropped onto the top run of the felt 32 ofthe second press section 13 and is treated in the same manner asdescribed in FIG. 1.

The suction gland 47a of the transfer roll 47 is used to assist in therelease of the web from the forming wire 19 and to retain the web on thefelt 46. Some moisture is removed and the moisture content of the mat Mentering the nip N is normally in this same range described inconnection with FIG. 1. The suction gland 48a-in the top suction pressroll 48 maintains the oncoming side of the nip N dewatered to preventrewetting of the mat.

As shown in the isometric view of FIG. 4, as the mat 'M on the crepingroll 26 approaches the active edge 31a of the creping doctor 31, the matis pushed back and begins to buckle along an area of the roll designatedat A. In this area, the fibers of the very wet soggy mat M arecompressed and buckled back into the body of the mat while it is stillon the creping roll 26. Since the mat is not confined on its outer face,it is free to pucker and a This creping effect is gradually A approachesthe doetoring edge 31a whereupon the mat will be convoluted 'or creped.While the drawing shows the convolutions or creped pleats extendingtransversely across the illustrated porcreping effect will occur.

tion of the mat, it will of course be understood that the pleats will bediscontinuous and somewhat undulated across the width of the mat as isconventional in creped 'FIGS. 7'and 8 illustrate diagrammatically thecondition of the fibers in the mat M along the zone A in advance of thedoctor blade edge 3181. As shown inFIG. 7, the mat is unevenly puckeredor undulated to provide alternating bills or crests 50 and valleys ortroughs 51.

The fibers of this mat portion are foreshortened especially in theirmachine direction and areundulated or buckled as shown both in theverticaland horizontal sections of the mat. The foreshortened fibers 52in the hill or crest zones of the mat are somewhat bumped up in a convexconfiguration, while the fibers 53 in the trough or valley portions ofthe mat are oppositely curved in a somewhat concave arrangement;

The fo'reshorteriing of 6 the fibers is illustrated by the undulationsof the individual fibers.

When the mat M of FIGS. 7 and 8 is doctored off of the roll 26, and thecreped mat C.M. is formed, the undulations are enhanced, as shown inFIG. 9, to provide the crepe folds 54 extending alternately upwardly anddownwardly without straightening out the undulated foreshortened fibers.The undulated fiber arrangement in the creped mat includes convex fibers55 more bowed or humped up than the fibers 52 in the crest areas of themat M. Similarly, the trough portions have the fibers 56 thereof moreconcave or depressed than the fibers 53 in the trough areas 51 of themat M. The fibers 55 and 56 alternate with substantially vertical fibers57 in the leg portions 58 which join the crests and trough portions ofthe mat QM.

As shown in FIG. 5, the mat C.M. on the second press felt 32 enters thenip N of the second press with the folds upstanding on the felt asshown. The mat C.M. remains in a very wet condition and the fibers inthe folds thereof are refelted in the nip N' to form a reconstituted matR.M. as shown in FIG. 10. In this reforming of the web, the crests ofthe creped mat C.M. are pushed down and the troughs are pushed up asindicated in FIG. 9, while the legs 58 are somewhat rolled forwardly sothat the fibers 57 thereof assume somewhat of an S-shaped configurationas shown in FIG. 10. The fibers are r .oriented both transversely andlongitudinally because the crepe folds or pleats are uneven anddiscontinuous across the sheet. The reconstructed mat R.M. thus hassubstantially fiat opposed top and bottom faces 59 and 60 in relativelyparallel relation with some undulations. The

reconstructed mat R.M. has alternating longitudinally spaced areas ofconvex fibers 55 and concave fibers 56 joined through S-curved fibers 57With each of the fibers still retaining the foreshortened undulatedcondition of the fibers 52 and 53 in the mat M as formed in the area Aon the creping roll.

The reconstituted mat R.M., as indicated above in the description ofFIG. 1, is then heated and dried to moisture content of about 50 percentbone dryness and is then placed through the nip N" of the breaker stackwhich, as shown in FIG. 6, decreases the thickness of the mat to thefinished web W. In the nip N, the reconstituted mat R.M. is at asufiiciently high temperature so that the natural lignins, resins andother binders occurring in the paper stock are in a thermoplasticcondition to cement together the undulated fibers in their foreshortenedstate and form a strong web W. This web W has smooth flat printableparallel top and bottom faces 61 and 62 with cemented togetherforeshortened fibers within the confines of these faces as shown. Theweb W preferably has substantially equal in both the machine and crossmachine directions. A uniformly square sheet strength is therebyobtained.

In one typical production of bag paper according to this invention,kraft paper stock was fed to the forming section of the machine toproduce a 40-pound basis weight paper, and the machine was operated sothat the wet mat entering the creping press was about 18 to 20 percentbone dry, while the creped mat C.M. entering the second press was about25 to 28 percent bone dry, the reconstructed mat R.M. was about 33 to 35percent bone dry, and the heated reconstructed mat entering the breakerstack was about 55 percent bone dry. The finished web had a machinedirection stretch of 6.1 percent, a cross machine direction stretch of5.7 percent, a machine direction tensile strength of 17.2 pounds perinch of width, and a cross direction tensile strength of 15.4 pounds:per

' inch of width. Standard specifications for the elongation of 40-poundbasis weight craft bag paper to rupture is li8'per'ce'nt in the machinedirection, and 3'.8percent in Z the cross machine direction. Thus, theproduct of this invention had an increasedmachine direction elongationin a factor of over 200 percent.

In the preferred operation, the second press had a nip pressure of about300 pounds per lineal inch, the doctor blade was oscillated, and thecreping roll was chilled cast iron that was not scored by the doctor.

From the above description, it will be understood that this inventionnow provides a reconstituted creped paper having smooth flat faces,enhanced extensibility, and uniform tensile strength in both the machineand cross machine directions.

I claim as my invention:

1. The method of making paper of enhanced yieldability which compriseslaying fibers containing binders in an aqueous medium on an foraminousforming surface, draining liquid from the fibers on said surface,forming a fibrillated wet mat on said forming surface, transferring thewet mat from the forming surface to a first felt, pressing the wet maton the felt against a hard heated surface, transferring the wet mat tosaid surface, scraping the wet mat from said surface whilesimultaneously compressing and buckling the fibers in the wet mat andforming creped folds, depositing the creped wet mat on a slower movingsecond felt, passing the creped wet mat on said second felt through thenip of a second press while the mat is still wet enough to have thefibers relocated and thereby reorienting the fibers in said nip tosuppress the creped folds while maintaining the fibers in aforeshortened undul'ated yieldable condition, heating the thusreconstituted mat to plasticize the binders therein, and pressing theheated reconstituted mat to bond the fibers together in foreshortenedyieldable condition.

2. The method of making a smooth surfaced creped paper of enhancedyieldability which comprises forming a wet mat of binder containingfibrillated material with the fibers thereof lying in a direction alongthe length of the mat, pressing the wet mat against a hard creping roll,advancing the wet mat onthe roll in tight adherent relation therewith,scraping the wet mat from the roll to crepe the mat and foreshorten thefibers thereof, pressing the creped wet mat while it is still wet enoughto have its fibers relocated and of the order of 25 to 40% bone drythrough the nip of a press exerting sufficient nip pressure on the wetmat to effect the relocation of the fibers without stretching them fromtheir foreshortened condition while simultaneously flattening the facesof the mat, heating the flattened mat to a temperature sufficiently highto plasticize the binders in the mat, pressing the heated flattened matthrough another nip having a sufliciently high nip pressure forsmoothing the faces of the mat and for forcing the binders into thefibers to cement the fibers together, and further drying the resultingWeb issuing from said second nip.

3. The method of making a flattened creped paper with smooth printablesurfaces and having a high degree of yieldability without relying on theunfolding of creped folds to produce such yieldability which comprisesforming a wet fibrillated mat about to percent bone dry, passing the matthrough a first press against a creping roll, doctoring the mat from thecreping roll to form a creped mat about 25 to percent bone dry, passingthe creped mat while it is still only about 25 to 30 percent bone drythrough a second nip to remove further water therefrom and to reorientthe fibers while smoothing the faces of the mat to produce a flattenedmat about 30 to percent bone dry, heating the mat from the second pressand simultaneously removing additional moisture therefrom to form a matabout 50 to 60 percent bone dry, subjecting the heated mat to highpressure for cementing together the fibers therein and for furthersmoothing the surfaces of the mat, and further drying the resulting webto a commercial paper dryness.

4. The method of making high burst strength paper especially suitablefor bags and the like packages which comprises forming kraft paper stockinto a wet mat of about 18 to '20 percent bone dryness, nip pressing themat in a creping press against a heated creping roll, creping the matoff of the roll to produce a creped mat of about 25 to 28 percent bonedryness, passing the creped mat while it is still only about 25 to 28percent bone dry through a second nip to remove additional watertherefrom and to flatten the folds of the crepe and reorient the fibersbetween substantially parallel flat top and bottom faces of the mat forforming a reconstructed mat of about 33 to 35 percent bone dryness,heating the reconstructed mat to temperatures sufficiently high toplasticize the natural binders occurring in the mat and to removefurther water from the mat to form a heated mat of about 50 to 60percent bone dryness, subjecting the thus heated mat to high pressuresin a third nip to cement together the fibers and to further smooth thefaces of the mat, and further drying the resulting web to commercialpaper dryness.

5. In the method of making high burst strength paper having smoothprinting faces the steps which comprise feeding a wet fibrillated Web ofabout 15 to 25% bone dryness to a creping press, creping the wet web insaid press, pressing the creped web while it is still only about 25 to40% bone dry to flatten the creped folds thereof and to reorient andmush down the fibers for producing a re constituted web, and furtherdrying the reconstituted Web to produce a finished sheet of paper.

6. Apaper-ma-king machine which comprises a forming section, a firstcreping press section, a second press section, a first dryer section, abreaker stack section, and a second dryer section, said creping sectionhaving a felt conveying a wet mat from the forming section through thenip of the creping press, said creping section having a hard crepingroll receiving the mat thereagainst and a scraper for removing a crepedmat from the roll, said second press section having a felt for receivingthe creped mat from the scraper and a suction dried nip receiving themat and felt therethrough to reconstitute the creped mat into a webhaving opposed flat faces and foreshortened longitudinally extendingfibers between the faces adapted to be elongated to permit stretching ofthe web, said first dryer section heating and drying said reconstitutedweb to plasticize binders therein and to reduce the moisture contentthereof, said breaker stack section compressing the web to cementtogether the reconstituted fibers, and said second dryer section dryingthe web to commercial dryness.

7. A paper-making machine which comprises a stock inlet, a travelingstock forming means adapted to form a mat of fibrillated material fromstock fed thereto by said inlet, a first press felt receiving the matfrom the forming means, a creping press receiving the felt and matthrough the nip thereof, said press including a creping roll receivingthe mat thereagainst and a creping doctor for scraping a creped mat fromthe roll, a second felt receiving the creped mat from the doctor, asecond press having a nip receiving the second felt and creped mattherethrough, a first dryer section receiving the mat from the secondpress, a breaker stack receiving the mat from the first dryer section, asecond dryer section receiving the mat from the breaker stack, and areel receiving the mat from the second dryer section.

8. A paper-making machine which comprises a forming section adapted todeliver a wet fibrillated mat, a creping press section having a bottomfelt with a top run receiving the web from the forming section to conveythe mat through the nip of the creping press against a creping roll ofthe press, a doctor removing a creped mat from the creping roll, asecond felt having a top run receiving the creped mat from the doctor,means for driving the second felt at a slower speed than the first felt,a suction press defining a nip receiving the felt and creped mat there-9 through, and dryer means receiving the mat from the second press.

9. In a paper making machine a mat forming section, a creping pressincluding a looped felt with a top mat conveying run, a suction pressroll in the loop of the felt, a plain creping roll coacting with thesuction press roll to define a pressure nip, a creping doctor coactingwith the creping roll to remove a creped Web from the roll, and adirecting roll in the loop of the felt to position the felt forreceiving the mat directly from the forming section without subjectingthe mat to an unsupported draw of appreciable length.

10. In a paper making machine a forming section having a looped formingwire with a top forming run, a suction couch roll receiving the wiretherearound, a turning roll below the suction couch roll and coactingtherewith to define an inclined run of the forming wire, a creping presssection having a looped bottom felt with a top run receiving the matfrom the inclined run of the forming wire and a creping press assemblyincluding a suction roll in the loop of the felt and a top creping rollcoacting therewith to define a nip.

11. In a paper making machine including a forming section, a top pressfelt, a suction transfer roll in the loop of the felt for transferring aweb from the forming section to an under run of the felt, a suctionpress roll in the loop of the felt, a bottom creping roll coacting withthe suction press roll to define a pressure nip receiving the mat andfelt run therethrough, and a creping doctor coacting with the crepingroll to remove a creped web from the roll.

12. In a paper making machine a forming section, a

creping press assembly immediately adjacent said forming section, saidcreping press assembly including a looped conveyor felt receiving themat from the forming section, blower means for transferring the mat fromthe forming section to the felt, a suction press roll in the loop of thefelt defining a suction area receiving the felt and mat thereover, acreping roll coacting with the suction press roll to define a pressurenip and receiving the mat directly thereagainst, and a creping doctordownstream from the nip coacting with the creping roll to remove acreped web therefrom.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS951,954 Loebbecke Mar. 15, 1910 1,107,807 Loebbecke Aug. 18, 19141,295,636 Tong Feb. 25, 1919 1,514,556 Milkey Nov. 4, 1924 1,630,319\Vandel May 31, 1927 1,772,185 Liebeck 1 Aug. 5, 1930 1,782,767 RoweNov. 25, 1930 1,967,609 Corcoran July 24, 1934' 2,624,245 *Cluett Jan.6, 1953 2,633,430 Kellgren Mar. 31, 1953 2,694,346 Goodwillie Nov. 16,1954 2,714,342 Beachler Aug. 2, 1955 2,899,353 Engel et al. Aug. 11,1959 FOREIGN PATENTS 11,403 Great Britain of 1907 365,311 Italy Dec. 1,1938

1. THE METHOD OF MAKING PAPER OF ENHANCED YIELDABILITY WHICH COMPRISESLAYING FIBERS CONTAINING BINDERS IN AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM ON AN FORAMINOUSFORMING SURFACE, DRAINING LIQUID FROM THE FIBERS ON SAID SURFACE,FORMING A FIBRILLATED WET MAT ON SAID FORMING SURFACE, TRANSFERRING THEWET MAT FROM THE FORMING SURFACE TO A FIRST FELT, PRESSING THE WET MATON THE FELT AGAINST A HARD HEATED SURFACE, TRANSFERRING THE WET MAT TOSAID SURFACE, SCRAPING THE WET MAT FROM SAID SURFACE WHILESIMULTANEOUSLY COMPRESSING AND BUCKLING THE FIBERS IN THE WET MAT ANDFORMING CREPED FOLDS, DEPOSITING THE CREPED WET MAT ON A SLOWER MOVINGSECOND FELT, PASSING THE CREPED WET MAT ON SAID SECOND FELT THROUGH THENIP OF A SECOND PRESS WHILE THE MAT IS STILL WET ENOUGH TO HAVE THEFIBERS RELOCATED AND THEREBY REORIENTING THE FIBERS IN SAID NIP TOSUPPRESS THE CREPED FOLDS WHILE MAINTAINING THE FIBERS IN AFORESHORTENED UNDULATED YIELDABLE CONDITION, HEATING THE THUSRECONSTITUTED MAT TO PLASTICIZE THE BINDERS THEREIN, AND PRESSING THEHEATED RECONSTIRTUTED MAT TO BOND THE FIBERS TOGETHER IN FORESHORTENEDYIELDABLE CONDITION.